Kubwezeretsa nthaka yodetsedwa ndi zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe

Mpweya wopangidwa umakhala ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi kaboni zomwe zimachokera ku makala. Mpweya wopangidwa umapangidwa ndi pyrolysis ya zinthu zachilengedwe zochokera ku zomera. Zinthuzi zikuphatikizapo malasha, zipolopolo za kokonati ndi matabwa,nzimbe,makoko a soyandipo mwachidule (Dias et al., 2007; Paraskeva et al., 2008). Pa mlingo wochepa,ndowe za ziwetoamagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mpweya wochita kukonzedwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochita kukonzedwa n'kofala pochotsa zitsulo m'madzi otayira, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake poletsa zitsulo sikofala m'nthaka yoipitsidwa (Gerçel ndi Gerçel, 2007; Lima ndi Marshall, 2005b). Mpweya wochita kukonzedwa wochokera ku manyowa a nkhuku unali ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yomangira zitsulo (Lima ndi Marshall, 2005a). Mpweya wochita kukonzedwa nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zoipitsa m'nthaka ndi m'madzi chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka maenje, malo akuluakulu komanso mphamvu yayikulu yothira madzi (Üçer et al., 2006). Mpweya wochita kukonzedwa umachotsa zitsulo (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co, Cr) kuchokera ku yankho kudzera mu mvula monga hydroxide yachitsulo, kuthira madzi pa mpweya wochita kukonzedwa (Lyubchik et al., 2004). Mpweya wochita kukonzedwa wochokera ku maamondi umachotsa Ni m'madzi otayira okhala ndi H ndi opanda H.₂SO₄chithandizo (Hasar, 2003).

Posachedwapa, biochar yagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira nthaka chifukwa cha zotsatira zake zabwino pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala (Beesley et al., 2010). Biochar ili ndi zinthu zambiri (mpaka 90%) kutengera zomwe zili mkati mwake (Chan ndi Xu, 2009). Kuwonjezera biochar kumathandizira kuti mpweya wa organic carbon usungunuke,pH ya nthaka, amachepetsa zitsulo zomwe zili mu leachates ndipo amawonjezera michere yambiri (Novak et al., 2009; Pietikäinen et al., 2000). Kukhalitsa kwa biochar m'nthaka kwa nthawi yayitali kumachepetsa kulowetsedwa kwa zitsulo kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza zosintha zina (Lehmann ndi Joseph, 2009). Beesley et al. (2010) adatsimikiza kuti biochar imachepetsa Cd ndi Zn zomwe zimasungunuka m'madzi m'nthaka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kaboni wachilengedwe ndi pH. Kaboni yogwira ntchito idachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsulo (Ni, Cu, Mn, Zn) mu mphukira za chimanga zomwe zimamera m'nthaka yoipitsidwa poyerekeza ndi nthaka yosasinthidwa (Sabir et al., 2013). Biochar idachepetsa kuchuluka kwa Cd ndi Zn zomwe zimasungunuka m'nthaka yoipitsidwa (Beesley ndi Marmiroli, 2011). Adatsimikiza kuti kuyamwa ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yosungira zitsulo ndi nthaka. Biochar inachepetsa kuchuluka kwa Cd ndi Zn kufika pa kuchepa kwa nthawi 300 ndi 45 kwa kuchuluka kwa leachate, motsatana (Beesley ndi Marmiroli, 2011).