Chidziwitso Chapamwamba pa Ukadaulo Wopanga Kaboni Wogwiritsidwa Ntchito
Kupanga mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated ndi njira yolondola yoyendetsera ntchito yomwe imasintha zakudya za organic kukhala zokoka zokhala ndi maenje ambiri, pomwe gawo lililonse logwirira ntchito limakhudza mwachindunji momwe zinthuzo zimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mafakitale amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ukadaulo uwu wasintha kwambiri kuti ukwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakukonza madzi mpaka kuyeretsa mpweya, ndi zatsopano zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pakukhalitsa komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito.
Kusankha ndi Kukonza Zinthu Zopangira: Maziko a UbwinoUlendo umayamba ndikusankha zinthu zopangira mwanzeru, chifukwa makhalidwe a chakudya cha kokonati ndi omwe amatsogolera makhalidwe a chinthu chomaliza. Zipolopolo za kokonati zimakhalabe chisankho chabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kaboni kokhazikika (kupitirira 75%), kuchuluka kwa phulusa lochepa (osakwana 3%), ndi kapangidwe ka ulusi wachilengedwe, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga ma pore—zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala monga kuchotsa poizoni. Malasha, makamaka mitundu ya bituminous ndi anthracite, ndi omwe amakondedwa popanga mafakitale akuluakulu chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kokhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, pomwe zakudya zopangidwa ndi matabwa (monga paini, oak) zimakondedwa pamsika wosamalira chilengedwe chifukwa cha momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Pambuyo posankha, kukonza koyambirira ndikofunikira: zipangizo zopangira zimaphwanyidwa kukhala tinthu ta 2-5mm kuti zitsimikizire kuti kutentha kumagawidwa mofanana, kenako zimaumitsidwa mu uvuni wozungulira pa 120-150°C kuti zichepetse chinyezi pansi pa 10%. Gawoli limachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu panthawi yotenthetsera kenako ndikuletsa carbonization yosagwirizana.
Njira Zazikulu: Kuyika Kaboni ndi Kuyambitsa
Kusintha kwa kaboniNdi gawo loyamba losintha, lomwe limachitidwa mu uvuni wozungulira wopanda mpweya kapena ma retort oyima pa 400–600°C. Apa, zinthu zosinthasintha (monga madzi, phula, ndi ma organic acid) zimachotsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lichepe ndi 50–70%, pomwe chigoba cholimba cha kaboni chimapangidwa. Komabe, chigoba ichi chili ndi ma porosity ochepa - nthawi zambiri osakwana 100 m²/g - zomwe zimafunikakuyambitsakuti atsegule mphamvu ya zinthuzo yokopa.
Njira ziwiri zazikulu zoyendetsera ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale.Kuyambitsa thupi(kapena kuyatsa mpweya) kumaphatikizapo kuchiza zinthu zomwe zasinthidwa kukhala kaboni ndi mpweya wowonjezera (nthunzi, CO₂, kapena mpweya) pa 800–1000°C. Mpweyawu umayanjanitsidwa ndi pamwamba pa kaboni, kukumba ma micro-pores (≤2nm) ndi meso-pores (2–50nm) omwe amapanga malo opitilira 1,500 m²/g. Njirayi imakondedwa ndi kaboni wowonjezera chakudya komanso mankhwala chifukwa cha chibadwa chake chopanda mankhwala.Kuyambitsa mankhwalaMosiyana ndi zimenezi, zimasakaniza zinthu zopangira ndi zinthu zochotsa madzi m'thupi (ZnCl₂, H₃PO₄, kapena KOH) zisanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati carbonization. Mankhwalawa amachepetsa kutentha kwa ntchito kufika pa 400–600°C ndipo amalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa ma pore ofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera monga VOC adsorption. Komabe, njira imeneyi imafuna kutsukidwa mwamphamvu ndi madzi kapena ma acid kuti muchotse mankhwala otsala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta.
Pambuyo pa Chithandizo ndi Zatsopano Zokhazikika
Pambuyo poyambitsa, chinthucho chimaphwanyidwa, kuzunguliridwa (kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tifike pa 0.5mm mpaka 5mm), ndikuumitsidwa kuti tikwaniritse miyezo yamakampani. Mizere yamakono yopangira ikuphatikiza njira zosungira zinthu: kutentha kwa zinyalala kuchokera ku uvuni woyeretsera mpweya kumabwezeretsedwanso ku makina owumitsira magetsi, pomwe zinthu zina zoyambitsa mankhwala (monga ma acid ochepetsedwa) zimachotsedwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa zakudya za biomass—monga zinyalala zaulimi (makungu a mpunga, nzimbe)—akuchepetsa kudalira malasha osabwezeretsedwanso ndikuwonjezera kufalikira kwa ukadaulo pazachilengedwe.
Mwachidule, ukadaulo wopanga mpweya wokonzedwa umalimbitsa uinjiniya wolondola komanso wosinthasintha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ugwire ntchito zofunika kwambiri poteteza chilengedwe komanso ntchito zamafakitale. Pamene kufunikira kwa madzi oyera ndi mpweya wabwino kukukula, kupita patsogolo kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa zakudya ndi kupanga zinthu zobiriwira kudzawonjezera kufunika kwake.
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